Stamina SE

Contains precursors to messengers important for the cardiovascular system, exercise, energy production, antioxidant protection and catecholamine synthesis*

Key ingredients
L-citrulline: Precursor to nitric oxide, an important messenger of the cardiovascular system(5-7). Nitric oxide plays a key role in maintaining vascular tone(8), important for exercise(9) and sexual performance(10).

L-tyrosine: Precursor to catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Acetyl-L-carnitine: L-carnitine facilitates energy production in mitochondria(11) and provides antioxidant protection through its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and metal ions(12).

N-acetyl-L-cysteine: Precursor to L-cysteine that maintains glutathione levels in the body(13).

Mucuna cochinchinensis (standardized to 99% L-DOPA): Natural source of L-DOPA, a precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine(14).

References

1. Clark K and Noudoost B. Front Neural Circuits. 2014;8:33.
2. Blier P. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2001;26 Suppl:S1-2.
3. Verhoeff N, et al. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;74(2):425-32.
4. Xing B, et al. Brain Res. 2016;1641( Pt B):217-33.
5. Schwedhelm E, et al. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65(1):51-9.
6. Forstermann U and Munzel T. Circulation. 2006;113(13):1708-14.
7. Lei J, et al. Nitric Oxide. 2013;35:175-85.
8. Oemar B, et al. Circulation. 1998;97(25):2494-8.
9. Bescos R, et al. Sports Med. 2012;42(2):99-117.
10. Barassi A, et al. Andrology. 2017;5(2):256-61.
11. Pekala J, et al. Curr Drug Metab. 2011;12(7):667-78.
12. Gulcin I. Life Sci. 2006;78(8):803-11.
13. Rushworth G and Megson I. Pharmacol Ther. 2014;141(2):150-9.
14. Tuleun C, et al. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 2008;20(10).